An Atypical Presentation of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis with Acute Airway Obstruction Masquerading Laryngeal Carcinoma: A Case Report

Vol. 21 No. 6 (suppl) : 2026 (41-46)

Heng Pei Pei Heng Pei Pei
Heng Pek Ser Heng Pek Ser
 Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff

Abstract
Primary laryngeal tuberculosis (LTB) is rare. The misdiagnosis rate is high due to its vague symptoms. This report aimed to highlight the clinical and radiological aspects of a primary LTB case, where patient presented with laryngeal mass and acute upper airway obstructive symptoms. The challenges of diagnosis and insights learnt were shared which may facilitate prompt case management in the future. A 70-year-old man presented with acute stridor and dyspnoea. Multiple subglottic mass with significant airway obstruction was discovered during laryngoscope examination. The radiological evidence of retro-tracheal mass appeared in continuity with thoracic oesophagus, the lack of clinical pulmonary symptom in addition to the negative general tuberculosis (TB) workup including biopsy for Acid-Fast Bacilli, had collectively led the initial working diagnosis towards malignancy. The challenges of difficulty in obtaining subglottic mass biopsy with multiple attempts were also discussed. The diagnosis of primary LTB was established after a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result obtained for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis at forth biopsy attempt. LTB may be manifested in a variety of laryngeal symptoms. This study underscored the complexity inherent in diagnosing primary LTB, in which the presentation of acute upper airway obstruction deserved a comprehensive diagnostic approach, collaboration of diverse medical specialists, adherence to established treatment guidelines, and the crucial role of continuous patient monitoring. This report emphasised the necessity for a high degree of suspicion for LTB in patients presented with upper respiratory tract lesions especially within the endemic regions with high TB prevalence, to achieve early diagnosis and treatment.
Keywords : Acute airway obstruction; atypical presentation; extrapulmonary tuberculosis; laryngeal tuberculosis,
Abstrak
Tuberkulosis larinks primer (LTB) jarang berlaku. Kadar misdiagnosis adalah tinggi disebabkan oleh gejala yang tidak ketara. Laporan ini bertujuan untuk menyerlahkan aspek klinikal dan radiologi kes LTB, di mana pesakit mengalami ketumbuhan larinks dan gejala obstruktif saluran pernafasan atas akut. Seorang lelaki berumur 70 tahun hadir dengan stridor akut dan sesak nafas. Ketumbuhan subglotik dan halangan saluran udara yang ketara ditemui semasa pemeriksaan laringoskop. Ketumbuhan retro-trakeal berkesinambungan dengan esofagus toraks ditemui dalam pemeriksaan radiologi. Kekurangan gejala pulmonari dari klinikal aspek, serta hasil pemeriksaan tuberkulosis (TB) yang negatif termasuk biopsi untuk 'Acid-Fast Bacilli', telah secara kolektif mencenderungkan diagnosis awal ke arah kanser atau ketumbuhan. Cabaran kesukaran untuk mendapatkan biopsi pada ketumbuhan subglotik dengan pelbagai percubaan juga dibincangkan. Diagnosis LTB primer telah ditentukan selepas keputusan 'polymerase chain reaction' (PCR) positif diperolehi untuk Mycobacterium tuberculosis pada percubaan biopsi keempat. LTB mungkin dimanifestasikan dalam pelbagai gejala di larinks. Kajian ini menggariskan cabaran sewaktu mendiagnoskan LTB primer, di mana manifestasi halangan saluran pernafasan atas yang akut memerlukan pendekatan diagnostik yang komprehensif, kerjasama pakar perubatan interdisiplin, pematuhan kepada garis panduan rawatan yang ditetapkan serta pemantauan pesakit yang berterusan. Laporan ini menekankan keperluan pemeriksaan yang selanjutnya untuk LTB pada pesakit yang mengalami sebarang gejala saluran pernafasan atas terutamanya di kawasan endemik yang mempunyai prevalens TB yang tinggi, bagi mencapai diagnosis dan rawatan awal.
Kata Kunci : Halangan saluran pernafasan akut; gejala tidak tipikal; tibi ekstrapulmonari; tibi larinks,

Correspondance Address
*Correspondence: hengpeipei850717@gmail.com


Laryngoscopy during acute presentation showed a subglottic mass at the true cord